The last few days of 2023 were disappearing like salt on the tongue. We were in Mannar, a unique island within the island of Sri Lanka — a place from where the shores of India are the closest. Ram Setu, the ancient archipelago connecting India and Sri Lanka, had long been on our wonder-and-wander list. As we stood there, spellbound by the spectacle of countless birds thrumming through the air, we realised that Mannar is not just a destination; it is a living, breathing entity. For centuries, this land has been a crucial waypoint on one of the world’s most significant migratory flyways.
Yet, like many concerned citizens and environmentalists, we felt a dark sense of foreboding. Several blades are poised to carve into the heart of Mannar in the form of wind turbines for a mega wind energy project. A $440 million proposal by Adani Green Energy threatens to alter the island’s landscape and ecosystem permanently.
Yes, wind power is a clean, renewable energy source offering long-term sustainability by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. But in Mannar, it spells peril. This project, in its scale and location, could be catastrophic. Birds, particularly large flocks, are vulnerable to collisions with wind turbine blades.
Mannar’s importance is monumental. No less than 15 million birds of over 250 species winter here. Among them are 26 threatened species that nest and raise their young in Mannar’s protected areas, such as the Adam’s Bridge National Park, Vankalai Sanctuary (a Ramsar Wetland), and the Vidataltivu Nature Reserve.
Ram Setu’s Dancing Islands, also known as Adam’s Bridge, comprise 16 islands, with half under India’s domain and half under Sri Lanka’s. They are crucial stopovers in the Central Asian Flyway, one of the eight major migratory flyways of the world. The flyway spans 30 countries, connecting breeding grounds in the Arctic to wintering grounds in the Indian subcontinent.
Birds follow the migratory routes of their ancestors, traverse thousands of kilometres from as far as Siberia and Central Asia to seek refuge in Mannar’s lagoons, mudflats, and salt marshes. The region plays host to an astonishing array of avian life: From the pink celebrities — flamingoes — to delicate plovers and sandpipers dotting the shores, from Eurasian oystercatchers in their tuxedos to the whiskered terns who advocate strength in numbers. For these birds, Mannar isn’t just a stopover; it’s a lifeline.
Central Asian Flyway-Sri Lanka (CAF-SL) Waterbird Tracking Project has revealed astonishing feats of avian endurance. Tagged birds have flown over the Himalayas, reaching altitudes of 22,000 feet, and bred in Tibet, while others have travelled as far as the Arctic, covering up to 25,000 km in a single year.
In May 2024, the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka (WNPS), one of the oldest conservation institutions in the region, challenged the wind project in the country’s Supreme Court. They pointed out that 12 of the proposed wind turbines lie directly within the bird corridor.
The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) has also offered its expertise to bolster the conservation battle. The organisations argue that the environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the project failed to consider the devastating effect on bird populations.
The Mannar wind power project has not only raised environmental concerns but has also been mired in controversy for economic and political reasons. In June 2024, the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) refused to approve the procurement of the 484 MW wind power plant in Mannar and Pooneryn by Adani Green Energy. It reportedly questioned the transparency of the bidding process by the Central Board of Electricity (CEB).
Critics, including WNPS, have pointed out that Sri Lanka would be purchasing green energy generated from its own resources at above-market prices for 25 years in US dollars, raising concerns about energy sovereignty and the economic burden on local communities.
President Anura Dissanayake, before his election, had pledged to cancel the “corrupt Adani deal” if he came to power. However, the government has since established another committee to review the proposal. A verdict is expected in March 2025.
Mannar, a testament of time, is a reminder of the interconnectedness of life, where a Siberian tern’s journey finds meaning in the tranquil waters of a Sri Lankan lagoon.
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The image of the valiant monkeys of Vanar Sena building a causeway to cross the ocean, where millions of birds find refuge now, evokes a profound reverence for nature and unity of purpose. What does it take for us to realise that “green” energy is turning red? The term for mass avian slaughter is “avicide”, a chilling word. While I strive to understand the drive many industrialists feel for “expansion”, what I can’t fathom is the absolute lack of pretence of caring about scientifically proven large-scale casualties of other life forms.
For now, Mannar waits. The birds continue to arrive, as they have for generations, unaware of the storm brewing on their horizon. If the project goes through, who will remember the silence of the victims? We may not shed a tear on their mass grave, but it will diminish us as a species.
Let us hope that our collective love and concern for nature and its fragile ecosystems will prevail. Otherwise, the loss will not just be Mannar’s; it will be humanity’s.
Tehsin is a Colombo-based writer and environmentalist
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